Verbs
‘To-be’ Verbs - The Subject is the noun being ‘it’. The object is the ‘recipient’ noun. These verbs also tend to be the ones used to describe a noun (acting as an adjective).
‘To-do’ Verbs - The subject is the noun doing ‘it’ whilst the object is the noun being done to e.g., tlhaqwIj chu’Ha’lu’pu’ - My chronometer has stopped.
-lu’ - When used it tends to change a do-ing verb into a be-ing verb but is only used when the subject is someone/something (i.e. unknown). e.g., legh - to see <> leghlu’ - be seen.
Prefixes
Below you will find the standard layout prefix table (Table 1) which you would have seen up to this point. This table is fine for going straight from Klingon Hol to Federation Standard but I’ve met several beings expressing the thought that there should be a half way translation i.e., Federation Language written using Klingon grammatical sketch. I call this method ‘thinking Klingon’ and produced the ‘Table 2’ which has a layout
more suitable for this use. e.g., for a sentence like "They killed a targ" a Klingon would say/think "targ, it-they killed" which can still be understood and will translate word for word - targh luHoHta’ . Whereas to say "targ they/it killed" actually gives the impression of the opposite of what is meant.
All I can say is give it a try and if you don’t like it I’ve included both tables.
Table 3. Prefixes: Standard layout
|
|
Object
|
Subject
|
|
none
|
me
|
you
|
him/her/it
|
us
|
you (pl)
|
them
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
|
jI-
|
-
|
qa-
|
vI-
|
-
|
Sa
|
vI-
|
you
|
|
bI-
|
cho-
|
-
|
Da-
|
ju-
|
-
|
Da-
|
he/she/it
|
|
0
|
mu-
|
Du-
|
0
|
nu-
|
lI-
|
0
|
we
|
|
ma-
|
-
|
pI-
|
wI-
|
-
|
re-
|
DI-
|
you (pl)
|
|
Su-
|
tu-
|
-
|
bo-
|
che-
|
-
|
bo-
|
they
|
|
0
|
mu-
|
nI-
|
lu-
|
nu-
|
lI-
|
0
|
imp: you
|
|
yI-
|
HI-
|
-
|
yI-
|
gho-
|
-
|
tI-
|
imp: you (pl)
|
|
pe-
|
HI-
|
-
|
yI-
|
gho-
|
-
|
tI-
|
Table 4. Prefixes: tlhIngan Hol layout
|
|
Subject
|
Ú imp: Ú
|
Object
|
|
I
|
you
|
he/she/it
|
we
|
you (pl)
|
they
|
you
|
you (pl)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
none
|
|
jI-
|
bI-
|
0
|
ma-
|
Su-
|
0
|
yI-
|
pe-
|
me
|
|
-
|
cho-
|
mu-
|
-
|
tu-
|
mu-
|
HI-
|
HI-
|
you
|
|
qa-
|
-
|
Da-
|
pI-
|
-
|
nI-
|
-
|
-
|
him/her/it
|
|
vI-
|
Da-
|
0
|
wI-
|
bo-
|
lu-
|
yI-
|
yI-
|
us
|
|
-
|
ju-
|
nu-
|
-
|
che-
|
nu-
|
gho-
|
gho-
|
you (pl)
|
|
Sa-
|
-
|
lI-
|
re-
|
-
|
lI-
|
-
|
-
|
them
|
|
vI-
|
Da-
|
0
|
DI-
|
bo-
|
0
|
tI-
|
tI-
|
| Back to Top |
Verb Suffixes
Similar in use to the noun suffixes but verbs can have up to 9 different types attributed to them plus Rover’s
Type 1: Oneself/one another |
-‘egh |
one self |
|
-chuq |
one another |
|
|
|
Type 2: Volition/predisposition |
-nIS |
-need |
|
-qang |
-willing |
|
-rup |
-ready/prepared |
|
-beH |
-ready/set up |
|
-vIp |
-afraid |
|
|
|
Type 3: Change |
-choH |
-change in state/direction |
|
-qa’ |
-resume |
|
|
|
Type 4: Cause |
-moH |
-cause |
|
|
|
Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability |
-lu’ |
-indefinite subject |
|
-laH |
-can/able |
|
|
|
Type 6: Qualification |
-chu’ |
-clearly/perfectly |
|
-bej |
-certainly/undoubtedly |
|
-law’ |
-seemingly/apparently |
|
-ba’ |
-obviously |
|
|
|
Type 7: Aspect |
-pu’ |
-perfective |
|
-ta’ |
-accomplished/done (known goal) |
|
-taH |
-continuous |
|
-lI’ |
-In progress (known goal) |
|
|
|
Type 8: Honorific |
-neS |
-honorific |
|
|
|
Type 9: Syntactic markers |
-DI’ |
-as soon as/when |
|
-chugh |
-if |
|
-pa’ |
-before |
|
-vIS |
-while (always used with the type 7 -taH) |
|
-bogh |
-which |
|
-meH |
-for, for the purpose of, in order to |
|
-’a’ |
-interrogative |
|
-wI’ |
-one who does/thing which does |
|
-mo’ |
-because |
|
-jaj |
-may |
|
-ghach |
-nominalizer (alters a verb-suffix combination into a noun) |
|
|
|
Rovers: |
-be’ |
-not |
|
-Qo’ |
-don’t!/won’t! |
|
-Ha’ |
-undo (always right after the verb) |
|
-qu’ |
-emphatic |
Nouns | Adjectives
|